Hakeem Khalid

O’yinlar tarixida qimor o’yinlarining rivojlanishi qanday amalga oshdi

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O’yinlar tarixida qimor o’yinlarining rivojlanishi qanday amalga oshdi

Qimor o’yinlarining paydo bo’lishi

Qimor o’yinlari tarixiy jihatdan insoniyatning eng qadimiy faoliyatlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Ularning kelib chiqishi miloddan avvalgi davrlarga borib taqaladi. Dastlabki qimor o’yinlari, misol uchun, katta toshlar yoki boshqa tabiiy materiallar yordamida o’ynalgan. Bunday o’yinlar ko’plab madaniyatlarda, xususan, qadimiy Misr, Xitoy va Rimda mavjud edi. Qimor o’yinlari bugungi kunda ba’zi internet platformalarida, ayniqsa, 888starz login orqali o’yinlar o’ynash imkonini beradi.

Qimor o’yinlarining dastlabki shakllari ko’proq ijtimoiy va diniy maqsadlar uchun o’ynalgan. Qadimgi xalqlar o’zlarining taqdirlarini bilish yoki qalamlarida bahsli masalalarni hal qilish uchun qimor o’yinlaridan foydalanishgan. Bu o’yinlar nafaqat ko’ngil ochar faoliyat, balki ularning hayotida muhim ahamiyatga ega bo’lgan jarayonlarni tasvirlaydi.

O’rta asrlarda qimor o’yinlari

O’rta asrlarda qimor o’yinlari evropaliklar orasida keng tarqaldi. Bu davrda karta o’yinlari ko’proq mashhur bo’lib, har xil xilma-xil karta to’plamlari yaratildi. Shuningdek, kazino va qimor o’yinlari o’ynash uchun maxsus joylar ochila boshlandi. Bu joylar jamoatchilik orasida ijtimoiy hayotning markaziga aylandi.

Qimor o’yinlarining o’rta asrlardagi rivojlanishi, shuningdek, davlatlar tomonidan nazorat qilinishini talab qildi. Bu davlatlarning qimor o’yinlariga nisbatan turlicha siyosat yuritishi, o’z navbatida, qimor o’yinlarining qonuniy asoslarini shakllantirdi va ko’plab mamlakatlarda qonuniy tashkilotlarga aylanib bordi.

Qimor o’yinlarining zamonaviy davri

20-asrda qimor o’yinlari yangi bosqichga chiqdi. Shaharlar, ayniqsa Las-Vegas va Monte-Karlo, qimor o’yinlarining markazlariga aylandi. Bu davrda qimor o’yinlari nafaqat mahalliy darajada, balki xalqaro miqyosda ham mashhur bo’lib qoldi. O’yinlar va sport tadbirlari o’rtasidagi aloqalar ham kuchayib, sport qimori kabi yangi formatlar paydo bo’ldi.

Bugungi kunda qimor o’yinlari onlayn platformalarda ham mavjud. Internet rivojlanishi bilan birga, onlayn kazino va sport tadbirlari ustida qimor o’ynash imkoniyati paydo bo’ldi, bu esa o’yinlarni yanada ommalashtirdi va odamlarning qiziqishini oshirdi. Zamonaviy qimor o’yinlari ko’plab yangi texnologiyalardan, jumladan, virtual haqiqat va sun’iy intellektdan foydalanadi.

Qimor o’yinlarining ijtimoiy ta’siri

Qimor o’yinlari ijtimoiy muhitda turli xil ta’sir ko’rsatadi. Boshqalar uchun bu ko’ngil ochish va hayajon manbai bo’lsa, ayrimlar uchun bu xavfli odatlarga olib kelishi mumkin. Qimor o’yinlariga nisbatan ijtimoiy munosabatlar ko’pincha qarama-qarshi bo’ladi, chunki ularning odatdagi hayotga va iqtisodiy holatga ta’siri juda muhimdir.

Shuningdek, qimor o’yinlari bo’yicha maxsus yordamlashuvchi tashkilotlar, masalan, Gamblers Anonymous, bu masalani hal qilishga yordam beradi. Ular qimor o’yinlari bilan bog’liq muammolarni hal qilishda yordam berish uchun yaratilgan. Bu kabi tashkilotlar, odamlarni qimor o’yinlaridan kelib chiqadigan muammolar haqida ogohlantirib, ularni yordam olishga undaydi.

Sayt haqida

Bizning saytimiz o’yinlar va qimor o’yinlari tarixi haqida keng ma’lumot taqdim etishga qaratilgan. Biz sizni qimor o’yinlarining rivojlanishi, madaniyati va ijtimoiy ta’siri haqida batafsil ma’lumot bilan tanishtiramiz. O’zaro fikr almashish va tajriba o’rtoqlashish imkoniyatini beramiz.

Saytimizda siz qimor o’yinlariga oid so’nggi yangiliklar, maqolalar va statistikalarni topishingiz mumkin. Bizning maqsadimiz, qimor o’yinlarining tarixini yanada yaxshiroq tushunishingizga yordam berishdir.

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What does temperament of the drugs means?

The temperament of the drugs means the whole chemistry and properties of a drug, its quality of having toxicity or otherwise. The drugs belongs to plant, mineral & animal origin have their own temperaments. Because of the temperament the property of one drug differs from the other.

The different ingredients of a drug have a molecular structure (Surat-Mauiyah). Therefore their temperament is also different. When ingredients of different temperament assemble in a compound drug, they develop and produce a different temperament altogether.

Al-Kindi (A distinguished pharcognosict died in 873 A.D.) established a method to asses the temperament, degrees of compound drugs and illustrated as follows. Cardamom
1 warm ½ cold ½ moist 1 dry
Sugar 2 warm 1 cold 1 moist 2 dry
Indigo ½ warm 1 cold ½ moist 1 dry
Embolica 1 warm 2 cold 1 moist 2 dry
Sum:- 4 ½ warm 4 ½ cold 3 moist 6 dry
Thus the drug is dried to the first degree.

The temperament is a quality of drug it means the drug is hot and cold in touch and vice-versa. It actually means that the drug is potentially or action wise hot in comparison to the body. The potency and degree developed inside the body. The action take place after in-take of drug, which increase or decrease the body temperament, stimulating the thermostat, centre of hypothalamus, by increasing the Basic Metabolic Rates (BMR), by releasing various harmones. A drug is said to be hot because it produces certain symptoms related to heat after intake. A drug is said to be cold when it lowers the temperament by influencing hypothalamus or decreasing the BMR, as such the symptoms produces after intake of drugs of various temperaments attributed to hot, cold, Damp or dry.

In Unani all drugs are defined in temperamental qualities and graded into four degrees according the potency of their qualities as hot, cold, moist (wet) and dry. Thus a hot drug graded in degree one, two, three and four and cold, moist and hot are defined vice-versa. Thus the first and second degree is safe and third have a toxic effect of mild nature and the fourth considered having side-effects or toxic.

For maintaining health it is imperative to maintain temperaments as well. It is also paramount to a physician to keep the temperament in mind while diagnosing a disease. The dominance of one or more humour in the body vitiate humour itself and create a condition i.e. cold disease.

There are various factors which affect the humours. When disturbance in the quantity, quality and equilibrium in one or more humours occurred due to the effect of atmosphere, diet, psychilogical or otherwise it causes disease.

It is the observation, experimentation and experience of ancient physicians who had under taken clinical trials on living beings and treated with single as well as compound drugs. According to the actions, resulted in the human body, observed and examined by the physicians, the temperament was defined and determined.

Drugs of Herbal, Mineral & Animal origin are used. They form a large number of formulations and shape acceptable to the patient.

Drugs are used in crude form as single drugs and compound form.

Because single drug sometime could not give desired effect and results, they can give less and sometime severe action. A drug of compound ingredients counteract the toxic effect of chemically active principle and act as antidote and enhance the required action of other single drugs.
On combination of multiple drugs in a formula having different qualities and active principles of mild or severe nature interact with each other. In the process the toxic effects or side-effects reduce to nil therefore the trend continue.

In Unani drug sugar or honey is the base as a preservative. So if the preservative are standard then the drug retain the quality, efficacy and also retain the life for more than one year. The methods of preparation of compound drugs, preservatives are described in detail in NFUM, Part-I.

All the drugs used in compound formulations are safe & non-toxic. These drugs are prepared according to the specific process & methods. Before preparation of Unani drugs toxicity of drugs are kept in mind and so the toxic ingredient are purified and de-toxified. Due to this process the toxicity is reduced to nil and the efficacy remains. Hence, the Unani drugs are absolutely safe.

The medicinal plants are a type of vegetation for example some fruit or vegetables are used to stop diarrhoea and some are administered to increase hemoglobin in anemia. There action is fast. As such Unani medicines take effective action in the patients of acute diseases as well as of chronic diseases.
In the following acute conditions Unani drugs take immediate action.
I. Indigestion, Acidity, Flatulence
II. Diarrhoea
III. Dysentery
IV. Bronchitis
V. Coryza and Cattarrh
VI. Abdominal pain
VII. Urticaria and other ailments
The misconception that the Unani drugs act only in chronic diseases is absolutely in-correct. The Arthritis, Bronchial Asthma, Sinusitis, Hepatitis etc. becomes chronic due to repeated administration of allopathic drugs. These can be cured in acute condition by Unani drugs. As almost all the Unani drugs are used orally or locally and injectables are not used in the system, therefore they act like the allopathic drugs through the same route.

Ecological & environmental factors affect the balance of humours in the body and also vitiate them. Maintenance of humour and promotion and preservation of health depends on six essentials which influence the living being with respect to preservation of health and causation of disease.
The Six Essentials (Asbab-e-Sitt-e-Zarooriya) are:-
I. Hawa-e-Muhit (atmospheric air)
II. Makul-vo-Mashrub (food & drink)
III. Harkat-vo-sakun badni (physical movement & rest)
IV. Harkat-vo-Sakun al-Nafsani (Mental movement and rest)
V. Naum vo-Yaqzah (Sleep and wakefulness)
VI. Istifragh-vo-Ihtibas (Evacuation & retention).

Diagnosis is involved investigation of the cause of disease through pulse reading, naked eye examination of urine & stool and through the other conventional methods i.e. auscultation, palpation, percussion with the help of some modern tools. Thus, the spot diagnosis is made very easy.

Modes of treatment are four. I. Regimenal therapy
II. Dieto therapy
III. Pharmaco therapy
IV. Surgery.

Regimens are five as under.
I. Exercise
II. Massage
III. Hammam
IV. Douches
V. Regimen of Geriatrics
Hammam and massage therapy is available in Govt. Nizamia General Hospital (Unani) Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
Cupping therapy as another speciality treatment of Unani is available in Central Research Instt., (CCRUM) Hyderabad, A.P.

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